Born Jul 4, 1954 · Hampton, VA · age 72
General manager for the Nationals and Orioles (1996–2005).
Across the full 9-season sample, the measured profile stands out most for cost per win (76th percentile). The clearest contrast is avoidance of negative WAR (20th percentile): the measured rosters have absorbed more production from below-replacement players than most peers.
9 seasons with salary-era data across 2 stints. All figures are franchise-level outcomes during the tenure, not solely attributable to one executive.
0 pennants · 0 playoff appearances · 657–801 (0.451)
| Team | Role | Year | Pay $M |
Rel Pay |
Surp $M |
Surp WAR |
Dead % |
Cheap $M |
Draft $M |
Trd $M |
Int'l $M |
$ / WAR |
WAR | Depth | Dead WAR |
HG | Trade | Net/ Trd |
FA | R5 | RFA | PPA | CPA | WAB | TAB | W-L% | PO | Pen | WS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GM | 1996 88–74 | $16 | 50 | +13 | +15.1 | 19% | +16 | +7 | +8 | +0 | $0.5M | 34.3 | 9.0 | -2.2 | +0.2 | -5.8 | -1.93 | -35.6 | +0.1 | +0.12 | 1.06 | 0.13 | +14.8 | +8.4 | 0.543 | ||||
| GM | 1997 78–84 | $19 | 49 | +14 | +14.2 | 29% | +14 | +7 | +3 | +4 | $0.5M | 32.5 | 6.0 | -5.3 | +3.2 | +6.1 | +1.01 | -12.7 | +0.0 | +0.58 | 1.56 | 0.16 | +5.1 | +6.8 | 0.481 | ||||
| GM | 1998 65–97 | $10 | 24 | +17 | +15.6 | 33% | +18 | +4 | +2 | +12 | $0.3M | 24.8 | 5.0 | -7.4 | +12.5 | -13.3 | -6.64 | -3.4 | +0.0 | -0.11 | 0.45 | 0.09 | +1.0 | +7.6 | 0.401 | ||||
| GM | 1999 68–94 | $18 | 36 | +13 | +10.6 | 34% | +9 | +2 | +2 | +6 | $0.6M | 25.5 | 6.0 | -4.8 | -0.8 | -1.3 | -0.43 | -0.2 | +0.0 | +0.01 | 0.32 | 0.08 | -1.2 | +3.4 | 0.420 | ||||
| GM | 2000 67–95 | $29 | 53 | +5 | +3.7 | 12% | +9 | +14 | -7 | +2 | $0.9M | 22.1 | 4.0 | -9.8 | +2.7 | -4.1 | -0.51 | +1.5 | +0.0 | +0.04 | 0.42 | 0.09 | -6.8 | -4.4 | 0.414 | ||||
| GM | 2001 68–94 | $34 | 55 | -8 | -5.1 | 55% | +5 | +6 | -8 | +6 | $1.2M | 15.0 | 5.0 | -12.2 | +0.8 | +4.3 | +1.42 | +1.1 | +0.0 | +0.06 | 0.11 | 0.05 | -6.3 | -11.9 | 0.420 | ||||
| GM | 2003 71–91 | $51 | 74 | -18 | -10.0 | 58% | +6 | +0 | +2 | +3 | $1.6M | 27.4 | 5.0 | -4.0 | +22.5 | -2.0 | -0.65 | +13.7 | -0.2 | +0.06 | 0.34 | 0.08 | -7.2 | -3.3 | 0.438 | ||||
| GM | 2004 78–84 | $45 | 67 | +9 | +5.4 | 50% | +17 | +5 | +12 | +0 | $1.0M | 37.7 | 9.0 | -5.4 | +3.0 | -0.8 | -0.41 | -0.0 | +0.0 | -0.20 | 2.41 | 0.20 | +1.2 | +8.3 | 0.481 | ||||
| GM | 2005 74–88 | $76 | 105 | -20 | -10.4 | 46% | +20 | +19 | -1 | +4 | $2.0M | 31.2 | 7.0 | -6.6 | +2.7 | -7.8 | -2.61 | -6.5 | +0.0 | +0.12 | 2.26 | 0.20 | -8.6 | -3.6 | 0.457 | ||||
| Career total (1985+ data) | $298 | 57 | +26 | +39.1 | 37% | +13 | +7 | +2 | +4 | $1.0M | 250.6 | 6.2 | -6.4 | +46.9 | -24.7 | -0.75 | -42.1 | -0.1 | +0.07 | 1.42 | 0.14 | -8.0 | +11.2 | 0.451 | – | – | – | ||
Acquired minus surrendered / signed minus walked.
| Player | Pos | Team | How | Year | Szns | fWAR | WAR/yr | RFA | PPA | CPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nick Markakis | OF | Draft | 2003 | 9 | +23.0 | +2.6 | – | – | – | |
| Miguel Tejada | SS | Free agency | 2003 | 4 | +17.5 | +4.4 | – | 13.7% | 1.14% | |
| Brad Wilkerson | OF | Draft | 1998 | 4 | +12.5 | +3.1 | – | – | – | |
| Dustin Hermanson | P | Trade | 1997 | 4 | +10.4 | +2.6 | – | 3.4% | 0.36% | |
| Tomo Ohka | P | Trade | 2001 | 4 | +7.1 | +1.8 | +0.09 | 0.1% | 0.04% | |
| Ramón Hernández | C | Free agency | 2005 | 3 | +6.1 | +2.0 | – | 1.1% | 0.28% | |
| Javy López | C | Free agency | 2004 | 2 | +6.1 | +3.1 | – | 10.7% | 0.87% | |
| Tony Armas | P | Trade | 1997 | 6 | +5.3 | +0.9 | +3.30 | – | – | |
| Carl Pavano | P | Trade | 1997 | 4 | +4.6 | +1.1 | +3.30 | – | – | |
| Henry Rodríguez | OF | Trade | 1996 | 2 | +3.0 | +1.5 | -1.10 | 2.3% | 0.29% | |
| Shawn Hill | P | Draft | 2000 | 4 | +2.8 | +0.7 | – | – | – | |
| Brad Bergesen | P | Draft | 2004 | 3 | +2.5 | +0.8 | – | – | – | |
| Miguel Batista | P | Trade | 1997 | 2 | +2.5 | +1.3 | +0.12 | – | – | |
| Scott Stewart | P | Trade | 2001 | 3 | +2.2 | +0.7 | – | – | – | |
| Anthony Telford | P | Free agency | 1996 | 3 | +2.2 | +0.7 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Rheal Cormier | P | Trade | 1996 | 1 | +2.1 | +2.1 | +0.12 | 2.3% | 0.29% | |
| Zach Day | P | Trade | 2001 | 4 | +2.0 | +0.5 | +0.02 | – | – | |
| Roger Bernadina | OF | Intl FA | 2001 | 4 | +1.8 | +0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Terrmel Sledge | OF | Trade | 2000 | 2 | +1.8 | +0.9 | +0.07 | – | – | |
| Scott Strickland | P | Draft | 1997 | 4 | +1.8 | +0.5 | – | – | – | |
| Masato Yoshii | P | Free agency | 2001 | 2 | +1.8 | +0.9 | – | 0.0% | 0.02% | |
| Nolan Reimold | OF | Draft | 2005 | 4 | +1.6 | +0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Bruce Chen | P | Trade | 2004 | 2 | +1.6 | +0.8 | – | 1.7% | 0.13% | |
| Jamey Carroll | 2B/3B | Draft | 1996 | 3 | +1.4 | +0.5 | – | – | – | |
| Doug Strange | 2B/3B | Free agency | 1997 | 1 | +1.4 | +1.4 | – | 2.1% | 0.22% | |
| T. J. Tucker | P | Draft | 1997 | 3 | +1.4 | +0.5 | – | – | – | |
| Omar Daal | P | Free agency | 2003 | 1 | +1.3 | +1.3 | – | 0.4% | 0.10% | |
| Dave Borkowski | P | Free agency | 2003 | 1 | +1.1 | +1.1 | – | 2.8% | 0.22% | |
| Jeff Juden | P | Trade | 1996 | 2 | +1.1 | +0.6 | – | 0.2% | 0.03% | |
| Hideki Irabu | P | Trade | 2000 | 2 | +1.0 | +0.5 | -0.11 | 0.3% | 0.06% | |
| Sal Fasano | C | Free agency | 2004 | 1 | +0.9 | +0.9 | – | 2.0% | 0.18% | |
| Garrett Olson | P | Draft | 2005 | 1 | +0.9 | +0.9 | – | – | – | |
| Orlando Merced | 1B/OF | Free agency | 1999 | 1 | +0.9 | +0.9 | – | 0.3% | 0.07% | |
| Trey Moore | P | Trade | 1996 | 1 | +0.9 | +0.9 | +0.14 | – | – | |
| Britt Reames | P | Trade | 2001 | 2 | +0.9 | +0.5 | +0.21 | 0.1% | 0.03% | |
| Marc Valdes | P | Trade | 1997 | 1 | +0.8 | +0.8 | – | 1.5% | 0.15% | |
| David Newhan | OF | Free agency | 2004 | 1 | +0.7 | +0.7 | – | 5.5% | 0.43% | |
| Chris Ray | P | Draft | 2003 | 3 | +0.7 | +0.2 | – | – | – | |
| Felipe Lira | P | Free agency | 2000 | 1 | +0.7 | +0.7 | – | 0.3% | 0.06% | |
| Mike Maddux | P | Free agency | 1998 | 1 | +0.7 | +0.7 | – | 0.3% | 0.06% | |
| Deivi Cruz | SS | Trade | 2003 | 1 | +0.7 | +0.7 | – | 0.2% | 0.06% | |
| Dave Veres | P | Trade | 1996 | 2 | +0.7 | +0.3 | +0.72 | 0.4% | 0.05% | |
| Jeff Fiorentino | OF | Draft | 2004 | 2 | +0.6 | +0.3 | – | – | – | |
| Kerry Ligtenberg | P | Free agency | 2003 | 1 | +0.6 | +0.6 | – | 0.2% | 0.05% | |
| Jim Bullinger | P | Free agency | 1997 | 1 | +0.5 | +0.5 | – | 0.8% | 0.08% | |
| Graeme Lloyd | P | Free agency | 1999 | 1 | +0.5 | +0.5 | – | 0.1% | 0.03% | |
| Todd Williams | P | Free agency | 2004 | 2 | +0.4 | +0.2 | – | 0.3% | 0.02% | |
| Chris Widger | C | Trade | 1996 | 3 | +0.4 | +0.1 | +0.14 | 0.3% | 0.06% | |
| Robert Machado | C | Free agency | 2003 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | – | 0.2% | 0.04% | |
| Darwin Cubillán | P | Trade | 2001 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Chris Schroder | P | Draft | 2001 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | – | – | – | |
| Eli Marrero | C/OF | Trade | 2005 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | +0.00 | 0.7% | 0.06% | |
| David Hernandez | P | Draft | 2005 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | – | – | |
| Derrick May | OF | Free agency | 1998 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | 0.1% | 0.02% | |
| Talmadge Nunnari | 1B | Draft | 1997 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | – | – | |
| Mike DeJean | P | Trade | 2004 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | 0.4% | 0.03% | |
| Rick Helling | P | Trade | 2003 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | 0.1% | 0.01% | |
| Ramón Nivar | OF | Trade | 2005 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | +0.00 | 0.5% | 0.05% | |
| Jack Cust | DH/OF | Trade | 2003 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | -0.02 | 0.1% | 0.01% | |
| Brandon Snyder | 1B/3B | Draft | 2005 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Fernando Tatís | 3B | Free agency | 2005 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Scott Downs | P | Trade | 2000 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | +0.05 | – | – | |
| Terry Jones | OF | Trade | 1997 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | +0.94 | 0.5% | 0.11% | |
| Hensley Meulens | OF | Free agency | 1997 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.1% | 0.01% | |
| Guillermo Mota | P | Rule 5 | 1996 | 2 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | – | – | |
| James Mouton | OF | Free agency | 1999 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Bob Scanlan | P | Free agency | 2000 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Lee Smith | P | Free agency | 1997 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.1% | 0.01% | |
| Tim Young | P | Draft | 1996 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Rob Ducey | OF | Trade | 2001 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Bernie Castro | 2B | Trade | 2005 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Midre Cummings | OF | Free agency | 2005 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Chris Gomez | SS | Free agency | 2004 | 2 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.2% | 0.04% | |
| Pedro Swann | OF | Free agency | 2003 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Walter Young | 1B | Trade | 2003 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | – | – | |
| Bobby Ayala | P | Trade | 1999 | 1 | -0.0 | -0.0 | -0.05 | 0.2% | 0.04% | |
| Tony Barron | OF | Trade | 1996 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Roy Corcoran | P | Intl FA | 2001 | 2 | -0.0 | -0.0 | – | – | – | |
| Darron Cox | C | Trade | 1999 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | – | – | |
| Rob Lukachyk | PH/PR | Trade | 1996 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Robert Machado | C | Free agency | 1999 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Sandy Martínez | C | Free agency | 2000 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Brad Rigby | P | Trade | 2000 | 1 | -0.0 | -0.0 | -0.09 | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Julio Santana | P | Free agency | 2000 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Dan Smith | P | Trade | 1998 | 1 | -0.0 | -0.0 | – | – | – | |
| Mark Smith | OF | Free agency | 2000 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Brandon Watson | OF | Draft | 1999 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | – | – | |
| James Baldwin | P | Trade | 2005 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.1% | 0.01% | |
| Omar Daal | P | Trade | 1996 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.5% | 0.06% | |
| Mark Leiter | P | Trade | 1996 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | -0.27 | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Tim Byrdak | P | Free agency | 2004 | 1 | -0.1 | -0.1 | – | 0.7% | 0.06% | |
| Héctor Carrasco | P | Free agency | 2003 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Pedro Florimón | SS | Intl FA | 2004 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Chad Mottola | OF | Free agency | 2003 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Matt Blank | P | Draft | 1997 | 1 | -0.1 | -0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Bryan Hebson | P | Draft | 1997 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Mike Hinckley | P | Draft | 2001 | 1 | -0.1 | -0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Ted Lilly | P | Trade | 1998 | – | -0.1 | – | -0.11 | – | – | |
| Joe Orsulak | OF | Trade | 1997 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Rick Schu | 3B | Free agency | 1996 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Chris Stowers | OF | Draft | 1996 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Lee Stevens | 1B | Trade | 2000 | 1 | -0.1 | -0.1 | +0.00 | 0.4% | 0.09% | |
| Jim Hoey | P | Draft | 2003 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Steve Reed | P | Free agency | 2005 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Shawn Boskie | P | Free agency | 1998 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Anthony Ferrari | P | Draft | 2000 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Bobby Muñoz | P | Free agency | 2000 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Charlie O'Brien | C | Free agency | 2000 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Alejandro Freire | 1B/DH | Trade | 2005 | – | -0.3 | – | – | – | – | |
| Julio Mañón | P | Free agency | 2005 | – | -0.3 | – | – | – | – | |
| Yohanny Valera | C | Trade | 2000 | – | -0.3 | – | – | – | – | |
| Jason Grimsley | P | Trade | 2004 | – | -0.4 | – | -0.20 | – | – | |
| Bob McCrory | P | Draft | 2003 | – | -0.4 | – | – | – | – | |
| Carlos Méndez | 1B/DH | Trade | 2003 | – | -0.4 | – | – | – | – | |
| José Morban | 2B/SS/DH | Trade | 2003 | – | -0.4 | – | – | – | – | |
| Keith Osik | C | Free agency | 2004 | – | -0.4 | – | – | – | – | |
| Randy Knorr | C | Free agency | 2000 | – | -0.4 | – | – | – | – | |
| Val Pascucci | 1B/OF | Draft | 1999 | – | -0.4 | – | – | – | – | |
| Chris Peters | P | Free agency | 2001 | – | -0.4 | – | – | – | – | |
| Andy Stankiewicz | 2B/SS | Trade | 1996 | 1 | -0.4 | -0.4 | – | 0.4% | 0.05% | |
| Shayne Bennett | P | Trade | 1996 | – | -0.5 | – | +0.12 | – | – | |
| Matthew Cepicky | OF | Draft | 1999 | – | -0.5 | – | – | – | – | |
| Josh Labandeira | 2B/SS | Draft | 2001 | – | -0.5 | – | – | – | – | |
| Radhames Liz | P | Intl FA | 2003 | – | -0.6 | – | – | – | – | |
| Chad Bentz | P | Draft | 2001 | – | -0.6 | – | – | – | – | |
| Andy Tracy | 1B/3B | Draft | 1996 | 1 | -0.6 | -0.6 | – | – | – | |
| Steve Kline | P | Free agency | 2004 | – | -0.7 | – | – | – | – | |
| Mike Mordecai | 2B/3B | Free agency | 1998 | 1 | -0.7 | -0.7 | – | 0.1% | 0.02% | |
| Lenny Webster | C | Free agency | 2000 | 2 | -0.7 | -0.3 | – | 5.7% | 1.36% | |
| Milton Bradley | OF | Draft | 1996 | – | -0.8 | – | – | – | – | |
| Scott Livingstone | 3B | Free agency | 1998 | – | -0.9 | – | – | – | – | |
| Ryan McGuire | 1B/OF | Trade | 1996 | 1 | -0.9 | -0.9 | +0.12 | – | – | |
| Ryan Minor | 3B | Trade | 2000 | – | -1.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Sammy Sosa | OF | Trade | 2005 | – | -1.4 | – | -3.08 | – | – | |
| Ron Calloway | OF | Trade | 1999 | – | -1.4 | – | +0.05 | – | – | |
| Wilton Guerrero | 2B/OF | Trade | 1998 | 1 | -1.5 | -1.5 | -0.11 | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Peter Bergeron | OF | Trade | 1998 | 1 | -4.0 | -4.0 | -0.11 | – | – |
Trade-side columns: RFA is playoff-readiness percentage points added to the future roster foundation. It grades the franchise's entire side of a trade, so the same score repeats for every player acquired in that package. PPA/CPA remain player-level arrival-year probability points.
WAB = wins above what the team's payroll predicted (resource-controlled). WAR surplus = era-neutral value (WAR minus payroll in win-equivalents). Roster surplus $M = dollar value of WAR over cost. Build channels (realized fWAR): HG = home-grown via amateur draft / international signing; Trade = acquired minus surrendered (incl. purchases/waivers); FA = signed minus walked; R5 = Rule-5 / minor-league-draft pickups. Credit follows the acquisition year — home-grown to the regime at the player's draft/signing (not whoever was in the chair when he peaked), trade/FA/R5 to the GM who made the move. Players acquired as prospects before debuting (e.g. Smoltz, Bagwell; Rule-5 picks like Uggla) are counted as trade/R5, not home-grown. All are franchise-level outcomes during the stint, not solely attributable to one executive.