Feb 5, 1936 (Peoria, IL) – Aug 31, 2022 (St. Louis, MO) · died at 86
General manager for the Phillies (1989–1997).
Across the full 9-season sample, the measured profile stands out most for net WAR per trade (96th percentile). The clearest contrast is payroll-adjusted roster quality (7th percentile): the measured clubs have produced less roster quality relative to payroll-based expectations than most peers.
9 seasons with salary-era data across 1 stint. All figures are franchise-level outcomes during the tenure, not solely attributable to one executive.
1 pennant · 1 playoff appearance · 647–746 (0.464)
| Team | Role | Year | Pay $M |
Rel Pay |
Surp $M |
Surp WAR |
Dead % |
Cheap $M |
Draft $M |
Trd $M |
Int'l $M |
$ / WAR |
WAR | Depth | Dead WAR |
HG | Trade | Net/ Trd |
FA | R5 | RFA | PPA | CPA | WAB | TAB | W-L% | PO | Pen | WS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GM | 1989 67–95 | $10 | 70 | -3 | -9.0 | 48% | -0 | +0 | +0 | -0 | $0.4M | 17.4 | 4.0 | -9.7 | -0.0 | +19.5 | +3.24 | -2.3 | +0.0 | 0.03 | 0.02 | -10.4 | -12.6 | 0.414 | |||||
| GM | 1990 77–85 | $14 | 82 | -1 | -3.1 | 33% | +2 | -0 | +2 | -0 | $0.4M | 29.1 | 6.0 | -5.6 | +21.5 | +14.3 | +2.87 | -4.4 | -0.0 | 0.35 | 0.07 | -2.4 | -2.7 | 0.475 | |||||
| GM | 1991 78–84 | $19 | 85 | -7 | -12.1 | 40% | +3 | -0 | +4 | -0 | $0.7M | 22.0 | 5.0 | -5.1 | +9.7 | -8.3 | -1.66 | -5.3 | +0.0 | 0.13 | 0.05 | -1.9 | -10.3 | 0.481 | |||||
| GM | 1992 70–92 | $22 | 75 | -3 | -3.3 | 43% | +3 | -1 | +4 | -0 | $0.6M | 29.7 | 6.0 | -7.8 | -0.9 | +38.2 | +4.78 | -13.1 | +0.0 | 1.01 | 0.13 | -8.2 | -1.0 | 0.432 | |||||
| GM | 1993 97–65 | $30 | 93 | +8 | +10.0 | 31% | +10 | -0 | +10 | +0 | $0.6M | 45.9 | 10.0 | -2.8 | +28.4 | +4.5 | +0.76 | +8.6 | +0.1 | 6.35 | 0.50 | +16.0 | +12.5 | 0.599 | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| GM | 1994 54–61 | $31 | 96 | -10 | -9.0 | 37% | -5 | -2 | -3 | -0 | $1.3M | 17.9 | 3.0 | -5.3 | +0.9 | -0.6 | -0.12 | -10.8 | +0.5 | 0.30 | 0.07 | -3.8 | -8.6 | 0.470 | |||||
| GM | 1995 69–75 | $34 | 101 | -9 | -9.2 | 22% | +5 | +1 | +3 | +1 | $1.1M | 25.4 | 5.0 | -4.8 | +3.7 | -0.1 | -0.02 | -24.6 | +0.0 | -0.00 | 0.40 | 0.08 | -3.9 | -5.7 | 0.479 | ||||
| GM | 1996 67–95 | $33 | 100 | -11 | -12.8 | 30% | +1 | -0 | -0 | +1 | $1.0M | 24.8 | 3.0 | -6.4 | +49.8 | -4.7 | -1.17 | +0.5 | -0.3 | +0.19 | 0.23 | 0.07 | -14.9 | -9.4 | 0.414 | ||||
| GM | 1997 68–94 | $29 | 73 | -7 | -6.5 | 36% | +3 | +6 | -3 | +0 | $0.9M | 21.8 | 2.0 | -9.6 | +21.3 | +49.9 | +16.62 | -1.2 | +0.0 | +0.00 | 0.21 | 0.06 | -10.0 | -8.7 | 0.420 | ||||
| Career total (1985+ data) | $220 | 86 | -43 | -54.9 | 36% | +2 | +0 | +2 | +0 | $0.8M | 234.0 | 4.9 | -6.3 | +134.4 | +112.7 | +2.35 | -52.6 | +0.4 | +0.05 | 0.98 | 0.11 | -39.5 | -46.4 | 0.464 | 1 | 1 | – | ||
Acquired minus surrendered / signed minus walked.
| Player | Pos | Team | How | Year | Szns | fWAR | WAR/yr | RFA | PPA | CPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jimmy Rollins | SS | Draft | 1996 | 14 | +49.0 | +3.5 | – | – | – | |
| Bobby Abreu | OF | Trade | 1997 | 9 | +45.3 | +5.0 | +0.13 | 3.0% | 0.57% | |
| Curt Schilling | P | Free agency | 1995 | 9 | +27.0 | +3.0 | – | 3.9% | 0.52% | |
| Lenny Dykstra | OF | Trade | 1990 | 7 | +26.4 | +3.8 | – | 2.7% | 0.65% | |
| Scott Rolen | 3B | Draft | 1993 | 6 | +26.0 | +4.3 | – | – | – | |
| Mike Lieberthal | C | Draft | 1990 | 11 | +20.0 | +1.8 | – | – | – | |
| John Kruk | 1B/OF | Trade | 1989 | 6 | +18.4 | +3.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.03% | |
| Randy Wolf | P | Draft | 1997 | 8 | +17.8 | +2.2 | – | – | – | |
| Tommy Greene | P | Trade | 1990 | 5 | +9.4 | +1.9 | – | 0.1% | 0.01% | |
| Doug Glanville | OF | Trade | 1997 | 5 | +9.3 | +1.9 | +0.16 | 1.2% | 0.19% | |
| Curt Schilling | P | Trade | 1992 | 9 | +9.3 | +1.0 | – | 3.9% | 0.52% | |
| Jim Eisenreich | OF | Free agency | 1993 | 4 | +8.9 | +2.2 | – | 13.8% | 1.09% | |
| Danny Jackson | P | Trade | 1993 | 2 | +6.8 | +3.4 | – | 18.5% | 1.43% | |
| Dickie Thon | SS | Trade | 1989 | 3 | +4.4 | +1.5 | – | 0.1% | 0.05% | |
| Brandon Duckworth | P | Intl FA | 1997 | 3 | +4.0 | +1.3 | – | – | – | |
| Ken Howell | P | Trade | 1989 | 2 | +3.9 | +2.0 | – | 0.1% | 0.08% | |
| Gregg Jefferies | 1B/OF | Free agency | 1994 | 4 | +3.8 | +1.0 | – | 0.7% | 0.15% | |
| Tom Herr | 2B | Trade | 1989 | 2 | +3.5 | +1.7 | – | 0.1% | 0.07% | |
| Mark Whiten | OF | Trade | 1995 | 2 | +3.1 | +1.6 | -0.07 | 0.8% | 0.18% | |
| Kevin Stocker | SS | Draft | 1991 | 4 | +3.0 | +0.8 | – | – | – | |
| Heathcliff Slocumb | P | Trade | 1993 | 2 | +2.8 | +1.4 | – | 0.7% | 0.17% | |
| Benito Santiago | C | Free agency | 1996 | 1 | +2.6 | +2.6 | – | 0.6% | 0.17% | |
| David West | P | Trade | 1992 | 4 | +2.6 | +0.6 | – | 4.2% | 0.34% | |
| Mike Grace | P | Draft | 1991 | 4 | +2.4 | +0.6 | – | – | – | |
| Ricky Bottalico | P | Intl FA | 1991 | 5 | +2.3 | +0.5 | – | – | – | |
| Charlie Hayes | 3B | Free agency | 1995 | 3 | +2.3 | +0.8 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Pete Incaviglia | OF | Free agency | 1992 | 2 | +2.2 | +1.1 | – | 16.2% | 1.26% | |
| Mark Portugal | P | Free agency | 1996 | 2 | +2.2 | +1.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Marlon Anderson | 2B | Draft | 1995 | 3 | +2.0 | +0.7 | – | – | – | |
| José de Jesús | P | Trade | 1990 | 2 | +2.0 | +1.0 | – | 0.5% | 0.08% | |
| Tyler Green | P | Draft | 1991 | 4 | +2.0 | +0.5 | – | – | – | |
| Wes Chamberlain | OF | Trade | 1990 | 5 | +1.9 | +0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Dave Coggin | P | Draft | 1995 | 3 | +1.9 | +0.6 | – | – | – | |
| Mark Leiter | P | Free agency | 1996 | 2 | +1.9 | +0.9 | – | 0.3% | 0.10% | |
| Midre Cummings | OF | Trade | 1997 | 1 | +1.9 | +1.9 | – | 0.4% | 0.12% | |
| Jeff Parrett | P | Trade | 1989 | 3 | +1.9 | +0.6 | – | 0.0% | 0.03% | |
| Carlton Loewer | P | Draft | 1994 | 2 | +1.8 | +0.9 | – | – | – | |
| Doug Jones | P | Trade | 1993 | 1 | +1.6 | +1.6 | – | 0.7% | 0.17% | |
| Kevin Sefcik | OF | Draft | 1993 | 2 | +1.6 | +0.8 | – | – | – | |
| Paul Quantrill | P | Trade | 1995 | 1 | +1.6 | +1.6 | – | 0.8% | 0.16% | |
| Sid Fernandez | P | Free agency | 1995 | 2 | +1.5 | +0.8 | – | 0.4% | 0.08% | |
| Bobby Muñoz | P | Trade | 1994 | 2 | +1.5 | +0.7 | – | 0.7% | 0.17% | |
| Jerry Spradlin | P | Free agency | 1996 | 2 | +1.5 | +0.7 | – | 0.1% | 0.03% | |
| Garrett Stephenson | P | Trade | 1997 | 1 | +1.5 | +1.5 | +0.19 | 0.3% | 0.10% | |
| Tony Barron | OF | Free agency | 1996 | 1 | +1.4 | +1.4 | – | 0.3% | 0.09% | |
| Mike Williams | P | Draft | 1990 | 6 | +1.3 | +0.2 | – | – | – | |
| Stan Javier | OF | Trade | 1992 | 1 | +1.3 | +1.3 | – | 1.4% | 0.17% | |
| Rubén Amaro | OF | Trade | 1991 | 4 | +1.2 | +0.3 | – | 0.8% | 0.09% | |
| Todd Zeile | 3B | Trade | 1996 | 1 | +1.2 | +1.2 | – | 0.3% | 0.08% | |
| Wayne Gomes | P | Draft | 1993 | 4 | +1.1 | +0.3 | – | – | – | |
| Mariano Duncan | 2B/SS | Free agency | 1991 | 2 | +1.0 | +0.5 | – | 1.2% | 0.15% | |
| Matt Beech | P | Draft | 1994 | 3 | +0.8 | +0.3 | – | – | – | |
| Carlos Silva | P | Intl FA | 1996 | 2 | +0.8 | +0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Dave Gallagher | OF | Trade | 1995 | 1 | +0.8 | +0.8 | – | 0.4% | 0.07% | |
| Wally Backman | 2B | Free agency | 1991 | 2 | +0.7 | +0.4 | – | 0.1% | 0.03% | |
| Tony Longmire | OF | Trade | 1990 | 2 | +0.7 | +0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Roger McDowell | P | Trade | 1989 | 3 | +0.7 | +0.2 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Dale Murphy | OF | Trade | 1990 | 2 | +0.7 | +0.3 | – | 0.3% | 0.05% | |
| Dennis Cook | P | Trade | 1989 | 2 | +0.7 | +0.4 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Carmelo Martínez | 1B/OF | Trade | 1990 | 1 | +0.7 | +0.7 | – | 0.3% | 0.05% | |
| Jim Lindeman | 1B/OF | Free agency | 1991 | 2 | +0.6 | +0.3 | – | 0.1% | 0.03% | |
| Milt Thompson | OF | Free agency | 1992 | 5 | +0.6 | +0.1 | – | 0.4% | 0.07% | |
| Billy McMillon | OF | Trade | 1997 | 1 | +0.6 | +0.6 | +0.00 | 0.1% | 0.04% | |
| Russ Springer | P | Trade | 1996 | 1 | +0.6 | +0.6 | +0.02 | 0.2% | 0.05% | |
| Mike Benjamin | 3B/SS | Trade | 1995 | 1 | +0.5 | +0.5 | -0.06 | 0.1% | 0.03% | |
| Jeff Juden | P | Trade | 1993 | 2 | +0.5 | +0.2 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Michael Mimbs | P | Rule 5 | 1994 | 2 | +0.5 | +0.3 | – | – | – | |
| Dwayne Murphy | OF | Free agency | 1989 | 1 | +0.5 | +0.5 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Rubén Amaro | OF | Free agency | 1996 | 4 | +0.4 | +0.1 | – | 0.8% | 0.09% | |
| Ricardo Jordan | P | Trade | 1995 | 1 | +0.4 | +0.4 | +0.05 | 0.1% | 0.03% | |
| Don Robinson | P | Free agency | 1992 | 1 | +0.4 | +0.4 | – | 0.6% | 0.07% | |
| Keith Shepherd | P | Trade | 1992 | 1 | +0.4 | +0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Andy Van Slyke | OF | Trade | 1995 | 1 | +0.4 | +0.4 | +0.00 | 0.2% | 0.04% | |
| Bob Ayrault | P | Draft | 1992 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | – | – | – | |
| Randy Ready | 2B/3B/OF | Free agency | 1994 | 4 | +0.3 | +0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Fernando Valenzuela | P | Free agency | 1994 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | – | 0.1% | 0.03% | |
| Donn Pall | P | Trade | 1993 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | – | 1.9% | 0.16% | |
| Gary Bennett | C | Draft | 1990 | 4 | +0.2 | +0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Steve Lake | C | Free agency | 1989 | 2 | +0.2 | +0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.02% | |
| Steve Ontiveros | P | Free agency | 1989 | 2 | +0.2 | +0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Chuck Ricci | P | Trade | 1995 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | – | – | |
| Gary Varsho | OF | Free agency | 1995 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | 0.1% | 0.02% | |
| Kevin Elster | SS | Trade | 1995 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | 0.1% | 0.01% | |
| Omar Olivares | P | Trade | 1995 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | 0.1% | 0.02% | |
| Ken Ryan | P | Trade | 1996 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | +0.41 | 0.2% | 0.06% | |
| Shawn Boskie | P | Trade | 1994 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.1% | 0.03% | |
| Norm Charlton | P | Free agency | 1994 | – | +0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Terry Mulholland | P | Free agency | 1996 | 6 | +0.1 | +0.0 | – | 0.0% | 0.02% | |
| Erik Plantenberg | P | Free agency | 1996 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Anthony Shumaker | P | Draft | 1995 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Dennis Springer | P | Trade | 1995 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Lenny Webster | C | Free agency | 1995 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Jim Adduci | 1B/OF | Trade | 1989 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Rob Butler | OF | Trade | 1997 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Sil Campusano | OF | Trade | 1990 | 2 | +0.1 | +0.0 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Gordon Dillard | P | Trade | 1989 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Kyle Abbott | P | Free agency | 1994 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Ron Blazier | P | Intl FA | 1989 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Billy Brewer | P | Free agency | 1997 | 2 | -0.0 | -0.0 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Robert Dodd | P | Draft | 1994 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Reggie Harris | P | Free agency | 1996 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Bronson Heflin | P | Draft | 1994 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Barry Jones | P | Trade | 1991 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Ryan Karp | P | Trade | 1994 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Larry Mitchell | P | Draft | 1992 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Dickie Noles | P | Free agency | 1990 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | – | – | |
| Julio Peguero | OF | Trade | 1990 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Gene Schall | 1B | Draft | 1991 | 1 | -0.0 | -0.0 | – | – | – | |
| Bobby Thigpen | P | Trade | 1993 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Tom Edens | P | Trade | 1994 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Randy O'Neal | P | Trade | 1989 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Joe Boever | P | Trade | 1990 | 1 | -0.1 | -0.1 | – | 0.6% | 0.10% | |
| Rico Brogna | 1B | Trade | 1996 | 2 | -0.1 | -0.1 | +0.20 | 0.4% | 0.06% | |
| Darrin Chapin | P | Trade | 1992 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Carlos Crawford | P | Trade | 1995 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| José DeLeón | P | Free agency | 1992 | 1 | -0.1 | -0.1 | – | 0.4% | 0.05% | |
| Rich Hunter | P | Draft | 1993 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Thomas Jacquez | P | Draft | 1997 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Dave LaPoint | P | Free agency | 1991 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Jeff Manto | 1B/3B | Free agency | 1992 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Larry McWilliams | P | Free agency | 1989 | 1 | -0.1 | -0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.03% | |
| Tom Quinlan | 3B | Free agency | 1993 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Steve Searcy | P | Free agency | 1991 | 1 | -0.1 | -0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Steve Stanicek | DH | Free agency | 1989 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Danny Tartabull | DH/OF | Free agency | 1997 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Juan Bell | 2B/SS | Trade | 1992 | 1 | -0.1 | -0.1 | – | 0.4% | 0.05% | |
| Alex Arias | 3B/SS | Free agency | 1997 | 2 | -0.2 | -0.1 | – | 0.1% | 0.02% | |
| Jim Deshaies | P | Free agency | 1995 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| David Doster | 2B | Draft | 1993 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| John Morris | OF | Free agency | 1991 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Ryan Nye | P | Draft | 1994 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Ricky Otero | OF | Trade | 1995 | 1 | -0.2 | -0.2 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Rafael Quirico | P | Trade | 1996 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Mickey Weston | P | Free agency | 1991 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Mitch Williams | P | Trade | 1991 | 2 | -0.2 | -0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Mike Hartley | P | Trade | 1992 | 1 | -0.2 | -0.2 | – | 0.2% | 0.02% | |
| Kyle Abbott | P | Trade | 1991 | – | -0.3 | – | – | – | – | |
| Danny Cox | P | Free agency | 1990 | 1 | -0.3 | -0.3 | – | 0.3% | 0.03% | |
| Darrin Fletcher | C | Trade | 1990 | – | -0.3 | – | – | – | – | |
| Kevin Foster | P | Trade | 1993 | – | -0.3 | – | – | – | – | |
| Rex Hudler | 2B/OF | Free agency | 1996 | 1 | -0.3 | -0.3 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Edgar Ramos | P | Rule 5 | 1996 | – | -0.3 | – | – | – | – | |
| Reggie Taylor | OF | Draft | 1995 | – | -0.3 | – | – | – | – | |
| Bobby Estalella | C | Draft | 1992 | 2 | -0.4 | -0.2 | – | – | – | |
| Johnny Estrada | C | Draft | 1997 | – | -0.4 | – | – | – | – | |
| Steve Frey | P | Free agency | 1995 | – | -0.4 | – | – | – | – | |
| Greg Mathews | P | Free agency | 1992 | – | -0.5 | – | – | – | – | |
| Glenn Murray | OF | Trade | 1996 | – | -0.5 | – | +0.41 | – | – | |
| Mike Welch | P | Trade | 1997 | – | -0.5 | – | +0.00 | – | – | |
| Calvin Maduro | P | Trade | 1996 | 1 | -0.6 | -0.6 | +0.19 | – | – | |
| Jay Baller | P | Free agency | 1991 | – | -0.7 | – | – | – | – | |
| Dale Murphy | OF | Free agency | 1992 | 2 | -0.7 | -0.3 | – | 0.3% | 0.05% | |
| Braulio Castillo | OF | Trade | 1991 | – | -0.8 | – | – | – | – | |
| Derrick May | OF | Free agency | 1997 | – | -0.8 | – | – | – | – | |
| Jon Zuber | 1B | Draft | 1992 | – | -0.8 | – | – | – | – | |
| Rod Booker | 2B/SS | Free agency | 1989 | – | -0.9 | – | – | – | – | |
| Darrin Winston | P | Trade | 1997 | – | -1.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Mark Lewis | 2B/3B | Free agency | 1997 | – | -1.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Wendell Magee | OF | Draft | 1994 | 2 | -1.3 | -0.7 | – | – | – | |
| Mark Parent | C | Free agency | 1996 | – | -1.5 | – | – | – | – | |
| Desi Relaford | SS | Trade | 1996 | – | -1.5 | – | +0.18 | – | – | |
| Kevin Jordan | 1B/2B/3B | Trade | 1994 | 2 | -2.0 | -1.0 | – | – | – |
Trade-side columns: RFA is playoff-readiness percentage points added to the future roster foundation. It grades the franchise's entire side of a trade, so the same score repeats for every player acquired in that package. PPA/CPA remain player-level arrival-year probability points.
WAB = wins above what the team's payroll predicted (resource-controlled). WAR surplus = era-neutral value (WAR minus payroll in win-equivalents). Roster surplus $M = dollar value of WAR over cost. Build channels (realized fWAR): HG = home-grown via amateur draft / international signing; Trade = acquired minus surrendered (incl. purchases/waivers); FA = signed minus walked; R5 = Rule-5 / minor-league-draft pickups. Credit follows the acquisition year — home-grown to the regime at the player's draft/signing (not whoever was in the chair when he peaked), trade/FA/R5 to the GM who made the move. Players acquired as prospects before debuting (e.g. Smoltz, Bagwell; Rule-5 picks like Uggla) are counted as trade/R5, not home-grown. All are franchise-level outcomes during the stint, not solely attributable to one executive.