Born Mar 4, 1948 · Pittsfield, MA · age 78
General manager for the Rangers (1985–1994).
Across the full 10-season sample, the measured profile stands out most for cost per win (87th percentile). The clearest contrast is drafted-player surplus (15th percentile): drafted players have created less surplus value than for most peers.
10 seasons with salary-era data across 1 stint. All figures are franchise-level outcomes during the tenure, not solely attributable to one executive.
0 pennants · 0 playoff appearances · 760–810 (0.484)
| Team | Role | Year | Pay $M |
Rel Pay |
Surp $M |
Surp WAR |
Dead % |
Cheap $M |
Draft $M |
Trd $M |
Int'l $M |
$ / WAR |
WAR | Depth | Dead WAR |
HG | Trade | Net/ Trd |
FA | R5 | RFA | PPA | CPA | WAB | TAB | W-L% | PO | Pen | WS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GM | 1985 62–99 | $8 | 76 | -3 | -10.7 | 37% | +0 | -0 | +0 | +0 | $0.3M | 20.3 | 5.0 | -7.0 | +12.2 | +3.1 | +0.31 | -0.8 | +0.0 | 0.15 | 0.06 | -16.0 | -10.5 | 0.385 | |||||
| GM | 1986 87–75 | $6 | 54 | +3 | +10.7 | 34% | +4 | +2 | +1 | +1 | $0.2M | 32.9 | 7.0 | -2.6 | +69.0 | +0.0 | +0.03 | +5.7 | -0.2 | 0.60 | 0.10 | +12.8 | +6.1 | 0.537 | |||||
| GM | 1987 75–87 | $6 | 56 | +1 | +4.8 | 28% | +2 | +0 | -0 | +1 | $0.2M | 23.5 | 4.0 | -3.6 | -0.3 | -1.6 | -0.41 | -1.5 | +0.0 | 0.13 | 0.05 | +0.5 | -3.6 | 0.463 | |||||
| GM | 1988 70–91 | $6 | 54 | +3 | +8.8 | 33% | +3 | +2 | +0 | +1 | $0.2M | 27.2 | 8.0 | -7.2 | +59.7 | +35.5 | +5.91 | +12.2 | +0.2 | 1.06 | 0.14 | -3.7 | +0.6 | 0.435 | |||||
| GM | 1989 83–79 | $10 | 74 | +3 | +8.3 | 33% | +3 | +2 | -0 | +2 | $0.2M | 37.4 | 8.0 | -5.1 | -0.4 | -0.9 | -0.46 | +2.6 | -0.0 | 1.72 | 0.15 | +4.9 | +6.8 | 0.512 | |||||
| GM | 1990 83–79 | $14 | 84 | +1 | +2.2 | 34% | +3 | +2 | +2 | -1 | $0.4M | 35.4 | 5.0 | -3.6 | +18.9 | -3.3 | -0.82 | -25.7 | +0.0 | 2.57 | 0.21 | +3.2 | +3.2 | 0.512 | |||||
| GM | 1991 85–77 | $19 | 81 | -2 | -3.0 | 28% | +0 | -0 | +0 | +0 | $0.4M | 35.1 | 7.0 | -6.6 | +0.3 | -1.1 | -0.55 | -9.1 | +0.0 | 4.63 | 0.30 | +5.7 | +3.4 | 0.525 | |||||
| GM | 1992 77–85 | $29 | 95 | -1 | -1.4 | 18% | +4 | -0 | +0 | +4 | $0.7M | 33.1 | 8.0 | -7.0 | +0.1 | -0.8 | -0.20 | -0.5 | +0.0 | 3.04 | 0.23 | -4.3 | -0.6 | 0.475 | |||||
| GM | 1993 86–76 | $36 | 113 | -7 | -8.0 | 29% | +9 | +4 | -1 | +6 | $0.9M | 35.2 | 7.0 | -5.0 | -0.5 | -3.3 | -0.83 | -23.0 | +0.0 | 2.19 | 0.19 | +2.5 | -0.5 | 0.531 | |||||
| GM | 1994 52–62 | $32 | 101 | -13 | -11.6 | 23% | -2 | -1 | -1 | +0 | $1.5M | 16.5 | 5.0 | -5.2 | +0.3 | -18.4 | -4.59 | -55.2 | +0.0 | 0.25 | 0.07 | -5.8 | -10.9 | 0.456 | |||||
| Career total (1985+ data) | $166 | 79 | -14 | +0.2 | 30% | +3 | +1 | +0 | +1 | $0.5M | 296.8 | 6.4 | -5.3 | +159.2 | +9.2 | +0.22 | -95.4 | -0.0 | – | 1.68 | 0.15 | -0.1 | -6.0 | 0.484 | – | – | – | ||
Acquired minus surrendered / signed minus walked.
| Player | Pos | Team | How | Year | Szns | fWAR | WAR/yr | RFA | PPA | CPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iván Rodríguez | C | Intl FA | 1988 | 13 | +49.3 | +3.8 | – | – | – | |
| Juan González | OF | Intl FA | 1986 | 12 | +30.3 | +2.5 | – | – | – | |
| Rafael Palmeiro | 1B | Trade | 1988 | 10 | +22.4 | +2.2 | – | 4.9% | 0.40% | |
| Kevin Brown | P | Draft | 1986 | 8 | +21.7 | +2.7 | – | – | – | |
| Nolan Ryan | P | Free agency | 1988 | 5 | +21.3 | +4.3 | – | 10.8% | 1.03% | |
| Julio Franco | 2B/SS | Trade | 1989 | 4 | +18.7 | +4.7 | – | 9.2% | 0.85% | |
| Rusty Greer | OF | Draft | 1990 | 8 | +18.2 | +2.3 | – | – | – | |
| Bobby Witt | P | Draft | 1985 | 10 | +13.4 | +1.3 | – | – | – | |
| Will Clark | 1B | Free agency | 1993 | 5 | +13.2 | +2.6 | – | 1.0% | 0.28% | |
| John Burkett | P | Trade | 1994 | 4 | +11.0 | +2.7 | – | 9.9% | 0.76% | |
| Darren Oliver | P | Draft | 1988 | 9 | +9.2 | +1.0 | – | – | – | |
| Roger Pavlik | P | Draft | 1986 | 6 | +8.7 | +1.5 | – | – | – | |
| Mark McLemore | 2B | Free agency | 1994 | 5 | +8.3 | +1.7 | – | 0.5% | 0.08% | |
| Pete Incaviglia | OF | Trade | 1985 | 5 | +7.2 | +1.4 | – | – | – | |
| Scott Fletcher | 2B/SS | Trade | 1985 | 4 | +6.4 | +1.6 | – | 2.4% | 0.41% | |
| Dean Palmer | 3B | Draft | 1986 | 5 | +6.4 | +1.3 | – | – | – | |
| Jeff Russell | P | Trade | 1985 | 9 | +5.3 | +0.6 | – | – | – | |
| Greg Harris | P | Trade | 1985 | 3 | +5.1 | +1.7 | – | – | – | |
| Geno Petralli | C | Trade | 1985 | 6 | +4.6 | +0.8 | – | – | – | |
| Brian Downing | C/DH/OF | Free agency | 1991 | 2 | +4.4 | +2.2 | – | 10.0% | 0.65% | |
| Scott Fletcher | 2B/SS | Free agency | 1988 | 4 | +3.9 | +1.0 | – | 2.4% | 0.41% | |
| Toby Harrah | 3B/SS | Trade | 1985 | 1 | +3.9 | +3.9 | – | – | – | |
| Mike Jeffcoat | P | Free agency | 1986 | 5 | +3.2 | +0.6 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Ed Correa | P | Trade | 1986 | 1 | +2.8 | +2.8 | – | 2.0% | 0.33% | |
| Gary Pettis | OF | Free agency | 1989 | 2 | +2.7 | +1.3 | – | 4.8% | 0.39% | |
| José Canseco | DH/OF | Trade | 1992 | 2 | +2.6 | +1.3 | – | 1.9% | 0.14% | |
| Danny Patterson | P | Draft | 1989 | 3 | +2.6 | +0.9 | – | – | – | |
| Jeff Huson | 2B/SS | Trade | 1990 | 3 | +2.3 | +0.8 | – | 2.7% | 0.22% | |
| Kevin Gross | P | Free agency | 1994 | 2 | +2.2 | +1.1 | – | 0.6% | 0.10% | |
| Tom Henke | P | Free agency | 1992 | 2 | +2.2 | +1.1 | – | – | – | |
| Charlie Leibrandt | P | Trade | 1992 | 1 | +2.2 | +2.2 | – | 4.8% | 0.41% | |
| Don Slaught | C | Trade | 1985 | 2 | +2.1 | +1.1 | – | – | – | |
| Matt Whiteside | P | Draft | 1990 | 5 | +2.1 | +0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Jeff Frye | 2B | Draft | 1988 | 3 | +1.9 | +0.6 | – | – | – | |
| Dale Mohorcic | P | Draft | 1986 | 2 | +1.9 | +1.0 | – | – | – | |
| Doug Strange | 2B/3B | Free agency | 1993 | 1 | +1.8 | +1.8 | – | 4.5% | 0.39% | |
| Scott Chiamparino | P | Trade | 1990 | 3 | +1.4 | +0.5 | – | – | – | |
| Darrell Porter | C | Free agency | 1986 | 2 | +1.4 | +0.7 | – | 0.6% | 0.09% | |
| Jamie Moyer | P | Trade | 1988 | 2 | +1.2 | +0.6 | – | 0.4% | 0.03% | |
| Todd Burns | P | Free agency | 1991 | 2 | +1.1 | +0.5 | – | 3.2% | 0.25% | |
| Chris James | OF | Trade | 1993 | 2 | +1.1 | +0.6 | – | 1.3% | 0.11% | |
| Dickie Thon | SS | Free agency | 1991 | 1 | +1.1 | +1.1 | – | 3.5% | 0.26% | |
| Harold Baines | DH/OF | Trade | 1989 | 2 | +1.1 | +0.5 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Rick Leach | 1B/OF | Free agency | 1989 | 1 | +1.0 | +1.0 | – | 2.1% | 0.17% | |
| Manuel Lee | 2B/SS | Free agency | 1992 | 2 | +1.0 | +0.5 | – | 1.6% | 0.14% | |
| Kevin Reimer | DH/OF | Draft | 1985 | 2 | +0.9 | +0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Fred Manrique | 2B | Trade | 1989 | 1 | +0.9 | +0.9 | – | 1.9% | 0.14% | |
| Gary Redus | OF | Free agency | 1993 | 1 | +0.8 | +0.8 | – | 2.1% | 0.18% | |
| Dave Valle | C | Free agency | 1994 | 1 | +0.8 | +0.8 | – | 4.1% | 0.32% | |
| Brian Bohanon | P | Draft | 1987 | 3 | +0.7 | +0.2 | – | – | – | |
| Burt Hooton | P | Trade | 1985 | 1 | +0.7 | +0.7 | – | – | – | |
| Otis Nixon | OF | Trade | 1994 | 1 | +0.7 | +0.7 | – | 0.5% | 0.07% | |
| Jim Sundberg | C | Free agency | 1988 | 2 | +0.7 | +0.3 | – | – | – | |
| John Barfield | P | Draft | 1986 | 3 | +0.6 | +0.2 | – | – | – | |
| Benji Gil | SS | Draft | 1991 | 3 | +0.6 | +0.2 | – | – | – | |
| Cliff Johnson | DH | Trade | 1985 | 1 | +0.6 | +0.6 | – | 0.1% | 0.03% | |
| Cris Carpenter | P | Trade | 1993 | 2 | +0.5 | +0.3 | – | 0.3% | 0.03% | |
| Steve Howe | P | Free agency | 1987 | 1 | +0.5 | +0.5 | – | 0.1% | 0.03% | |
| Al Newman | 2B/SS | Free agency | 1992 | 1 | +0.5 | +0.5 | – | 1.7% | 0.13% | |
| Tom O'Malley | 3B | Free agency | 1986 | 1 | +0.5 | +0.5 | – | 0.1% | 0.03% | |
| Dave Rozema | P | Trade | 1985 | 2 | +0.5 | +0.2 | – | – | – | |
| Jack Daugherty | 1B/OF | Trade | 1988 | 2 | +0.4 | +0.2 | – | 1.1% | 0.09% | |
| Héctor Fajardo | P | Trade | 1991 | 4 | +0.4 | +0.1 | – | 1.6% | 0.10% | |
| Terry Mathews | P | Draft | 1987 | 1 | +0.4 | +0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Fernando Tatís | 3B | Intl FA | 1992 | 1 | +0.4 | +0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Matt Williams | P | Trade | 1985 | 1 | +0.4 | +0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Ray Hayward | P | Trade | 1988 | 1 | +0.4 | +0.4 | – | 0.4% | 0.05% | |
| Mickey Mahler | P | Trade | 1986 | 1 | +0.4 | +0.4 | – | 0.3% | 0.04% | |
| Bob Patterson | P | Free agency | 1992 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | – | 0.7% | 0.06% | |
| Ed Vande Berg | P | Free agency | 1988 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | – | 0.3% | 0.04% | |
| Ed Núñez | P | Trade | 1992 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | – | 0.8% | 0.06% | |
| Frank Tanana | P | Trade | 1985 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | – | 0.0% | 0.02% | |
| Kevin Belcher | OF | Draft | 1987 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | – | – | |
| Kevin Brown | C | Draft | 1994 | 2 | +0.2 | +0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Steve Dreyer | P | Draft | 1990 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | – | – | |
| Cecilio Guante | P | Free agency | 1989 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | 0.5% | 0.04% | |
| Mike Loynd | P | Draft | 1986 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | – | – | |
| Julio Santana | P | Intl FA | 1990 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | – | – | |
| Drew Hall | P | Trade | 1989 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | 0.4% | 0.03% | |
| Junior Ortiz | C | Trade | 1994 | 1 | +0.2 | +0.2 | – | 0.1% | 0.02% | |
| Steve Balboni | 1B/DH | Free agency | 1991 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.2% | 0.02% | |
| Doug Davis | C/3B | Free agency | 1992 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.2% | 0.01% | |
| David Hulse | OF | Draft | 1990 | 2 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Bruce Hurst | P | Free agency | 1993 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Rubén Mateo | OF | Intl FA | 1994 | 2 | +0.1 | +0.0 | – | – | – | |
| Eric Moody | P | Draft | 1993 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Luis Pujols | C | Trade | 1985 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Billy Ripken | 2B | Free agency | 1993 | 2 | +0.1 | +0.0 | – | 0.1% | 0.02% | |
| Jon Shave | 3B/SS | Draft | 1990 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Mike Stanley | C | Draft | 1985 | 3 | +0.1 | +0.0 | – | – | – | |
| Jim Poole | P | Trade | 1991 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.3% | 0.02% | |
| Wilson Álvarez | P | Intl FA | 1986 | – | +0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Jack Armstrong | P | Free agency | 1994 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Floyd Bannister | P | Free agency | 1992 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Mark Brandenburg | P | Draft | 1992 | 2 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | – | – | |
| Don Carman | P | Free agency | 1992 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.1% | 0.01% | |
| Butch Davis | OF | Free agency | 1992 | 1 | -0.0 | -0.0 | – | 0.2% | 0.02% | |
| John Dettmer | P | Draft | 1992 | 2 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | – | – | |
| Steve Fireovid | P | Free agency | 1991 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Rich Gossage | P | Free agency | 1991 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.2% | 0.01% | |
| Rick Honeycutt | P | Free agency | 1993 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| John Hoover | P | Trade | 1990 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Chuck Jackson | 3B | Free agency | 1991 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Ramón Mañón | P | Rule 5 | 1989 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Barry Manuel | P | Draft | 1987 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | – | – | |
| Tom Paciorek | 1B/OF | Free agency | 1985 | 1 | -0.0 | -0.0 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Rick Reed | P | Free agency | 1993 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Mike Schooler | P | Free agency | 1993 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Paul Wilmet | P | Trade | 1989 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Darrel Akerfelds | P | Trade | 1989 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.1% | 0.01% | |
| Oil Can Boyd | P | Trade | 1991 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Duff Brumley | P | Trade | 1993 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Glenn Brummer | C | Trade | 1985 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Mike Campbell | P | Free agency | 1991 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Keith Creel | P | Free agency | 1986 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Rob Ducey | OF | Free agency | 1992 | 1 | -0.1 | -0.1 | – | 1.0% | 0.08% | |
| Bill Haselman | C | Draft | 1987 | 3 | -0.1 | -0.0 | – | – | – | |
| James Hurst | P | Trade | 1994 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Tim Leary | P | Free agency | 1994 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Lance McCullers | P | Free agency | 1992 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Dave Meier | OF | Free agency | 1986 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Tony Scruggs | OF | Draft | 1987 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Dan Smith | P | Draft | 1990 | 1 | -0.1 | -0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Bill Stein | 3B | Trade | 1985 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Steve Wilson | P | Draft | 1985 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Thad Bosley | OF | Free agency | 1989 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| José Cecena | P | Rule 5 | 1986 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Cris Colón | SS | Intl FA | 1986 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Scott Coolbaugh | 3B | Draft | 1987 | 1 | -0.2 | -0.2 | – | – | – | |
| Rob Maurer | 1B/DH | Draft | 1988 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Scott May | P | Trade | 1987 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Russ McGinnis | C | Trade | 1992 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Orlando Mercado | C | Trade | 1985 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Wayne Rosenthal | P | Draft | 1986 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Ellis Valentine | OF | Trade | 1985 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| DeWayne Vaughn | P | Trade | 1988 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| José Alberro | P | Intl FA | 1991 | – | -0.3 | – | – | – | – | |
| Joe Bitker | P | Trade | 1990 | 1 | -0.3 | -0.3 | – | 0.2% | 0.02% | |
| Eric Fox | OF | Free agency | 1994 | – | -0.3 | – | – | – | – | |
| José Hernández | 3B/SS | Intl FA | 1987 | – | -0.3 | – | – | – | – | |
| Steve Kemp | OF | Free agency | 1987 | – | -0.3 | – | – | – | – | |
| Craig Lefferts | P | Free agency | 1993 | – | -0.3 | – | – | – | – | |
| Bob Malloy | P | Draft | 1986 | – | -0.3 | – | – | – | – | |
| Gerald Alexander | P | Draft | 1989 | 1 | -0.4 | -0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Monty Fariss | OF | Draft | 1988 | 1 | -0.4 | -0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Bárbaro Garbey | 1B | Free agency | 1987 | – | -0.4 | – | – | – | – | |
| Rick Helling | P | Draft | 1992 | 5 | -0.4 | -0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Bob Jones | OF | Trade | 1985 | – | -0.4 | – | – | – | – | |
| Larry See | 1B/DH | Trade | 1987 | – | -0.4 | – | – | – | – | |
| Buddy Bell | 3B | Free agency | 1989 | 1 | -0.5 | -0.5 | – | – | – | |
| Mario Díaz | SS | Free agency | 1990 | – | -0.5 | – | – | – | – | |
| Hanley Frias | SS | Intl FA | 1990 | – | -0.5 | – | – | – | – | |
| Guy Hoffman | P | Free agency | 1988 | – | -0.5 | – | – | – | – | |
| Danny Leon | P | Trade | 1992 | – | -0.5 | – | – | – | – | |
| Ron Meridith | P | Trade | 1986 | 1 | -0.5 | -0.5 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Brad Arnsberg | P | Trade | 1987 | 1 | -0.6 | -0.6 | – | 0.6% | 0.05% | |
| Wilson Heredia | P | Intl FA | 1990 | – | -0.6 | – | – | – | – | |
| Gary Mielke | P | Draft | 1985 | – | -0.6 | – | – | – | – | |
| Marc Sagmoen | OF | Draft | 1993 | – | -0.6 | – | – | – | – | |
| Denny Walling | 1B/3B/OF | Free agency | 1991 | – | -0.6 | – | – | – | – | |
| Jay Howell | P | Free agency | 1994 | – | -0.7 | – | – | – | – | |
| Craig McMurtry | P | Free agency | 1987 | 1 | -0.7 | -0.7 | – | 0.2% | 0.02% | |
| Terry Burrows | P | Draft | 1990 | – | -0.8 | – | – | – | – | |
| James Steels | OF | Free agency | 1987 | – | -0.9 | – | – | – | – | |
| Esteban Beltré | SS | Trade | 1994 | – | -1.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| John Cangelosi | OF | Free agency | 1991 | – | -1.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Mark Petkovsek | P | Draft | 1987 | – | -1.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Doug Dascenzo | OF | Free agency | 1992 | – | -1.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Dan Peltier | OF | Draft | 1989 | – | -1.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Luis Ortiz | 3B | Trade | 1994 | 1 | -1.2 | -1.2 | – | 0.5% | 0.04% | |
| John Russell | C/OF | Free agency | 1990 | 1 | -1.2 | -1.2 | – | 0.1% | 0.01% | |
| Chad Kreuter | C | Draft | 1985 | 1 | -1.4 | -1.4 | – | – | – | |
| Donald Harris | OF | Draft | 1989 | – | -1.5 | – | – | – | – |
Trade-side columns: RFA is playoff-readiness percentage points added to the future roster foundation. It grades the franchise's entire side of a trade, so the same score repeats for every player acquired in that package. PPA/CPA remain player-level arrival-year probability points.
WAB = wins above what the team's payroll predicted (resource-controlled). WAR surplus = era-neutral value (WAR minus payroll in win-equivalents). Roster surplus $M = dollar value of WAR over cost. Build channels (realized fWAR): HG = home-grown via amateur draft / international signing; Trade = acquired minus surrendered (incl. purchases/waivers); FA = signed minus walked; R5 = Rule-5 / minor-league-draft pickups. Credit follows the acquisition year — home-grown to the regime at the player's draft/signing (not whoever was in the chair when he peaked), trade/FA/R5 to the GM who made the move. Players acquired as prospects before debuting (e.g. Smoltz, Bagwell; Rule-5 picks like Uggla) are counted as trade/R5, not home-grown. All are franchise-level outcomes during the stint, not solely attributable to one executive.