Gord Ash

Overview

Percentiles On That year GM career Year range

Team	Role	Year	Pay $M	Rel Pay	Surp $M	Surp WAR	Dead %	Cheap $M	Draft $M	Trd $M	Int'l $M	$ / WAR	WAR	Depth	Dead WAR	HG	Trade	Net/ Trd	FA	R5	RFA	PPA	CPA	WAB	TAB	W-L%	PO	Pen	WS
Blue Jays	GM	1995 56–88	$47	141	-30	-30.8	33%	-3	+0	-1	-2	$2.1M	17.2	5.0	-4.8	+48.3	-15.6	-3.90	-63.7	+0.0	+0.07	0.08	0.04	-20.7	-19.0	0.389
Blue Jays	GM	1996 74–88	$29	90	-5	-5.9	34%	+7	+7	+1	-1	$0.9M	27.8	6.0	-5.0	+3.7	-26.1	-6.51	+13.2	+0.3	+0.01	0.36	0.08	-6.5	-5.1	0.457
Blue Jays	GM	1997 76–86	$49	124	-19	-19.0	52%	+6	+4	+0	+1	$1.4M	28.2	4.0	-6.9	+35.6	-1.1	-0.22	+8.7	+0.0	+0.12	0.32	0.07	-8.6	-8.6	0.469
Blue Jays	GM	1998 88–74	$47	113	-4	-3.3	31%	+12	+7	+0	+5	$1.1M	40.6	6.0	-2.9	+2.4	-2.2	-0.44	-8.2	+0.0	+0.12	4.52	0.30	+4.5	+4.9	0.543
Blue Jays	GM	1999 84–78	$46	96	+2	+1.9	24%	+13	+5	+6	+2	$1.1M	37.6	10.0	-4.7	+22.9	+11.7	+1.30	-4.0	-0.2	+1.30	3.25	0.24	+2.6	+3.9	0.519
Blue Jays	GM	2000 83–79	$49	90	+3	+1.9	30%	+11	+7	+2	+2	$1.1M	34.7	7.0	-8.1	+5.3	-24.3	-2.43	-20.5	-4.0	+0.17	3.08	0.23	+2.4	+1.7	0.512
Blue Jays	GM	2001 80–82	$71	115	-22	-13.6	22%	-1	+0	-4	+3	$2.0M	33.7	7.0	-1.8	+0.2	+1.1	+0.27	-9.1	-0.6	+0.46	1.23	0.15	-3.7	-2.2	0.494
Career total (1985+ data)			$339	110	-74	-68.8	32%	+6	+4	+0	+2	$1.3M	219.7	6.4	-4.9	+118.4	-56.5	-1.38	-83.7	-4.5	+0.15	1.96	0.16	-30.0	-24.4	0.485	–	–	–

Roster Construction

Trades

Trades made — 47 deals credited to Gord Ash, best expected value first; surplus is realized value in $M

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No trades match that search.

1999 · TOR / ARI

TOR · Gord Ash +$23.2M

Tony Batista, John Frascatore

ARI · Joe Garagiola −$23.2M

Dan Plesac

TOR came out ahead by $23.2M

1997 · TOR / SEA

TOR · Gord Ash +$80.0M

José Cruz

SEA · Woody Woodward −$80.0M

Paul Spoljaric, Mike Timlin

TOR came out ahead by $80.0M

1995 · TOR / KCR

TOR · Gord Ash +$12.0M

David Cone

KCR · Herk Robinson −$12.0M

Chris Stynes, Tony Medrano, Dave Sinnes

TOR came out ahead by $12.0M

1996 · NYM / TOR

NYM · Joe McIlvaine +$148.0M

John Olerud

TOR · Gord Ash −$148.0M

Robert Person

NYM came out ahead by $148.0M

2000 · TEX / TOR / WSN

TEX · Douglas Melvin +$25.6M

David Segui

TOR · Gord Ash +$7.2M

Brad Fullmer

WSN · Jim Beattie −$32.8M

Lee Stevens

TEX came out ahead by $25.6M 3-team

1998 · SDP / TOR

SDP · Kevin Towers +$7.2M

Carlos Almánzar, Woody Williams, Pete Tucci

TOR · Gord Ash −$7.2M

Joey Hamilton

SDP came out ahead by $7.2M

1999 · COL / TOR

COL · Gary Hughes +$13.6M

Pat Lynch

TOR · Gord Ash −$13.6M

Brian McRae

COL came out ahead by $13.6M

1997 · TOR / LAD

TOR · Gord Ash +$11.2M

Bobby Cripps

LAD · Fred Claire −$11.2M

Otis Nixon

TOR came out ahead by $11.2M

1996 · TOR / CHW

TOR · Gord Ash +$11.2M

Luis Andújar, Allen Halley

CHW · Ron Schueler −$11.2M

Tony Castillo, Domingo Cedeño

TOR came out ahead by $11.2M

1998 · TOR / BAL

TOR · Gord Ash +$14.4M

Shannon Carter, Nerio Rodríguez

BAL · Pat Gillick −$14.4M

Juan Guzmán

TOR came out ahead by $14.4M

2000 · PHI / TOR

PHI · Ed Wade +$2.4M

John Sneed

TOR · Gord Ash −$2.4M

Rob Ducey

PHI came out ahead by $2.4M

1995 · TOR / PHI

TOR · Gord Ash +$30.4M

Paul Quantrill

PHI · Lee Thomas −$30.4M

Howard Battle, Ricardo Jordan

TOR came out ahead by $30.4M

2000 · TBR / TOR

TBR · Chuck Lamar +$3.2M

Brent Abernathy

TOR · Gord Ash −$3.2M

Mark Guthrie, Steve Trachsel

TBR came out ahead by $3.2M

1997 · TOR / CLE

TOR · Gord Ash +$3.2M

Ryan Thompson

CLE · John Hart −$3.2M

Jeff Manto

TOR came out ahead by $3.2M

1996 · PIT / TOR

PIT · Ted Simmons +$41.6M

Brandon Cromer, Jose Pett, José Silva, Mike Halperin, Abraham Núñez, Craig Wilson

TOR · Gord Ash −$41.6M

Carlos García, Dan Plesac, Orlando Merced

PIT came out ahead by $41.6M

1995 · SEA / TOR

SEA · Woody Woodward +$2.4M

Paul Menhart, Edwin Hurtado

TOR · Gord Ash −$2.4M

Miguel Cairo, Bill Risley

SEA came out ahead by $2.4M

2000 · TOR / BAL

TOR · Gord Ash +$0.8M

Jayson Werth

BAL · Syd Thrift −$0.8M

John Bale

TOR came out ahead by $0.8M

1998 · TOR / BOS

TOR · Gord Ash +$18.4M

Peter Munro, Jay Yennaco

BOS · Dan Duquette −$18.4M

Mike Stanley

TOR came out ahead by $18.4M

1998 · TOR / SDP

TOR · Gord Ash +$18.4M

Brian Loyd

SDP · Kevin Towers −$18.4M

Randy Myers

TOR came out ahead by $18.4M

2000 · TOR / MIN

TOR · Gord Ash +$0.0M

Francisco Álvarez

MIN · Terry Ryan +$0.0M

Mike Romano

Even trade

1999 · PHI / TOR

PHI · Ed Wade +$31.2M

Robert Person

TOR · Gord Ash −$31.2M

Paul Spoljaric

PHI came out ahead by $31.2M

1998 · TOR / NYM

TOR · Gord Ash +$1.6M

Leo Estrella

NYM · Steve Phillips −$1.6M

Tony Phillips

TOR came out ahead by $1.6M

1997 · TOR / CHC

TOR · Gord Ash +$1.6M

Trevor Schaffer

CHC · Ed Lynch −$1.6M

Sandy Martínez

TOR came out ahead by $1.6M

1999 · SDP / TOR

SDP · Kevin Towers +$0.0M

Isabel Giron

TOR · Gord Ash +$0.0M

Juan Melo

Even trade

1999 · SEA / TOR

SEA · Woody Woodward +$7.2M

Tom Davey, Steve Sinclair

TOR · Gord Ash −$7.2M

David Segui

SEA came out ahead by $7.2M

1999 · ANA / TOR

ANA · Bill Bavasi +$9.6M

Tomás Pérez

TOR · Gord Ash −$9.6M

Dave Hollins

ANA came out ahead by $9.6M

2000 · CIN / TOR

CIN · Jim Bowden +$14.4M

Clayton Andrews, Leo Estrella

TOR · Gord Ash −$14.4M

Steve Parris

CIN came out ahead by $14.4M

1998 · TEX / TOR

TEX · Douglas Melvin +$12.0M

Tim Crabtree

TOR · Gord Ash −$12.0M

Kevin Brown

TEX came out ahead by $12.0M

1997 · NYY / TOR

NYY · Bob Watson +$5.6M

Angel Ramirez

TOR · Gord Ash −$5.6M

Mariano Duncan

NYY came out ahead by $5.6M

1996 · TOR / DET

TOR · Gord Ash +$1.6M

Anton French

DET · Randy Smith −$1.6M

Roberto Durán

TOR came out ahead by $1.6M

1999 · TOR / CIN

TOR · Gord Ash +$0.0M

Jaime Goudie

CIN · Jim Bowden +$0.0M

Juan Melo

Even trade

1996 · PIT / TOR

PIT · Ted Simmons +$6.4M

D.J. Boston#66

TOR · Gord Ash −$6.4M

Jacob Brumfield

PIT came out ahead by $6.4M

1996 · TOR / CHC

TOR · Gord Ash +$0.8M

Jason Stevenson

CHC · Ed Lynch −$0.8M

Miguel Cairo

TOR came out ahead by $0.8M

1995 · TOR / MIA

TOR · Gord Ash +$1.6M

Ernie Delgado

MIA · Dave Dombrowski −$1.6M

Aaron Small

TOR came out ahead by $1.6M

2000 · TEX / TOR

TEX · Douglas Melvin +$33.6M

Darwin Cubillán, Michael Young

TOR · Gord Ash −$33.6M

Esteban Loaiza

TEX came out ahead by $33.6M

1998 · TOR / OAK

TOR · Gord Ash +$13.6M

Scott Rivette

OAK · Billy Beane −$13.6M

Ed Sprague

TOR came out ahead by $13.6M

2000 · TOR / NYM

TOR · Gord Ash +$1.6M

Jerson Perez

NYM · Steve Phillips −$1.6M

Jim Mann

TOR came out ahead by $1.6M

2000 · TOR / MIL

TOR · Gord Ash +$1.6M

Alvin Morrow

MIL · Dean Taylor −$1.6M

Kevin Brown

TOR came out ahead by $1.6M

2000 · TEX / TOR

TEX · Douglas Melvin +$0.8M

Peter Munro

TOR · Gord Ash −$0.8M

Dave Martinez

TEX came out ahead by $0.8M

1996 · TOR / CLE

TOR · Gord Ash +$0.0M

Scott Pose

CLE · John Hart +$0.0M

Joe Lis

Even trade

2000 · CHW / TOR

CHW · Ron Schueler +$0.8M

Gary Glover

TOR · Gord Ash −$0.8M

Scott Eyre

CHW came out ahead by $0.8M

1998 · TOR / DET

TOR · Gord Ash +$1.6M

Eric Ludwick

DET · Randy Smith −$1.6M

Beiker Graterol

TOR came out ahead by $1.6M

2000 · PHI / TOR

PHI · Ed Wade +$0.0M

Rob Ducey

TOR · Gord Ash +$0.0M

Mickey Morandini

Even trade

1999 · STL / TOR

STL · Walt Jocketty +$17.6M

Pat Hentgen, Paul Spoljaric

TOR · Gord Ash −$17.6M

Alberto Castillo, Matt DeWitt, Lance Painter

STL came out ahead by $17.6M

1995 · NYY / TOR

NYY · Gene Michael +$104.8M

David Cone

TOR · Gord Ash −$104.8M

Marty Janzen, Jason Jarvis, Mike Gordon

NYY came out ahead by $104.8M

1999 · LAD / TOR

LAD · Kevin Malone +$164.8M

Shawn Green, Jorge Nunez

TOR · Gord Ash −$164.8M

Pedro Borbón, Raúl Mondesí

LAD came out ahead by $164.8M

1999 · NYY / TOR

NYY · Brian Cashman +$84.8M

Roger Clemens

TOR · Gord Ash −$84.8M

Homer Bush, Graeme Lloyd, David Wells

NYY came out ahead by $84.8M

Players acquired — 109 players, by realized fWAR for the franchise (scroll for more)

All channels Hitters & pitchersHitters onlyPitchers only

Player	Pos	Team	How	Year	Szns	fWAR	WAR/yr	RFA	PPA	CPA
Roy Halladay	P	TOR	Draft	1995	11	+48.3	+4.4	–	–	–
Vernon Wells	OF	TOR	Draft	1997	9	+24.8	+2.8	–	–	–
Roger Clemens	P	TOR	Free agency	1996	2	+19.0	+9.5	–	2.7%	0.68%
Alex Ríos	OF	TOR	Draft	1999	6	+16.9	+2.8	–	–	–
David Wells	P	TOR	Trade	1999	7	+10.0	+1.4	+2.17	–	–
Orlando Hudson	2B	TOR	Draft	1997	4	+8.3	+2.1	–	–	–
Eric Hinske	3B/OF	TOR	Trade	2001	5	+7.5	+1.5	+0.46	–	–
Paul Quantrill	P	TOR	Trade	1996	6	+6.6	+1.1	-0.09	0.1%	0.02%
Reed Johnson	OF	TOR	Draft	1999	4	+6.5	+1.6	–	–	–
Darrin Fletcher	C	TOR	Free agency	1997	4	+6.4	+1.6	–	5.9%	0.39%
Esteban Loaiza	P	TOR	Trade	2000	3	+6.3	+2.1	-1.26	5.8%	0.43%
Dustin McGowan	P	TOR	Draft	2000	4	+5.1	+1.3	–	–	–
Raúl Mondesí	OF	TOR	Trade	1999	2	+4.3	+2.2	+0.00	7.7%	0.58%
Charlie O'Brien	C	TOR	Free agency	1995	2	+3.9	+2.0	–	0.7%	0.16%
Billy Koch	P	TOR	Draft	1996	3	+3.0	+1.0	–	–	–
Joey Hamilton	P	TOR	Trade	1999	3	+2.9	+1.0	-0.27	3.1%	0.22%
Tony Batista	3B	TOR	Trade	1999	3	+2.7	+0.9	+9.10	11.6%	0.86%
Gustavo Chacín	P	TOR	Intl FA	1998	2	+2.7	+1.3	–	–	–
Erik Hanson	P	TOR	Free agency	1995	2	+2.6	+1.3	–	1.0%	0.24%
Mark Hendrickson	P	TOR	Draft	1997	2	+2.6	+1.3	–	–	–
Orlando Merced	1B/OF	TOR	Trade	1996	1	+2.2	+2.2	-0.05	1.0%	0.17%
Josh Phelps	DH	TOR	Draft	1996	2	+2.1	+1.0	–	–	–
Dan Plesac	P	TOR	Trade	1996	5	+2.0	+0.4	-0.05	0.3%	0.05%
Frank Castillo	P	TOR	Free agency	1999	1	+1.9	+1.9	–	6.0%	0.45%
Homer Bush	2B	TOR	Trade	1999	2	+1.9	+1.0	+2.17	9.2%	0.67%
Brad Fullmer	1B/DH	TOR	Trade	2000	2	+1.8	+0.9	+0.00	5.0%	0.38%
Craig Grebeck	2B/SS	TOR	Free agency	1997	3	+1.6	+0.5	–	3.5%	0.23%
José Canseco	DH/OF	TOR	Free agency	1998	1	+1.3	+1.3	–	5.8%	0.39%
Dan Plesac	P	TOR	Free agency	2000	5	+1.2	+0.2	–	0.3%	0.05%
Mike Stanley	C	TOR	Trade	1998	1	+1.2	+1.2	–	5.5%	0.36%
Felipe López	2B/SS	TOR	Draft	1998	2	+0.9	+0.4	–	–	–
Brandon Lyon	P	TOR	Draft	1999	2	+0.9	+0.5	–	–	–
Benito Santiago	C	TOR	Free agency	1996	1	+0.9	+0.9	–	0.4%	0.07%
Dave Martinez	OF	TOR	Trade	2000	1	+0.8	+0.8	-0.84	2.6%	0.19%
Tony Phillips	2B/OF	TOR	Trade	1998	1	+0.8	+0.8	–	3.6%	0.24%
Brandon League	P	TOR	Draft	2001	4	+0.7	+0.2	–	–	–
Otis Nixon	OF	TOR	Free agency	1995	2	+0.7	+0.4	–	0.3%	0.06%
Omar Daal	P	TOR	Trade	1997	1	+0.7	+0.7	–	0.3%	0.05%
Kevin Brown	C	TOR	Trade	1998	2	+0.6	+0.3	+0.10	2.2%	0.15%
Peter Munro	P	TOR	Trade	1998	2	+0.6	+0.3	+0.23	–	–
Chris Latham	OF	TOR	Free agency	2000	1	+0.5	+0.5	–	0.7%	0.08%
Jayson Werth	OF	TOR	Trade	2000	2	+0.4	+0.2	+0.85	–	–
Steve Trachsel	P	TOR	Trade	2000	1	+0.4	+0.4	-0.71	1.4%	0.10%
Vinnie Chulk	P	TOR	Draft	2000	4	+0.3	+0.1	–	–	–
Scott Eyre	P	TOR	Trade	2000	2	+0.3	+0.2	–	0.4%	0.05%
Mike Huff	OF	TOR	Free agency	1995	2	+0.3	+0.2	–	2.9%	0.31%
Norberto Martin	2B	TOR	Free agency	1999	1	+0.3	+0.3	–	1.1%	0.08%
Lance Painter	P	TOR	Trade	2000	1	+0.3	+0.3	+2.65	1.7%	0.13%
Steve Parris	P	TOR	Trade	2001	2	+0.3	+0.2	-0.65	0.1%	0.01%
David Segui	1B	TOR	Trade	1999	1	+0.3	+0.3	-2.02	0.9%	0.07%
Dane Johnson	P	TOR	Free agency	1996	1	+0.2	+0.2	–	–	–
Juan Samuel	2B	TOR	Free agency	1996	2	+0.2	+0.1	–	0.1%	0.03%
Bob File	P	TOR	Draft	1998	2	+0.1	+0.1	–	–	–
Eric Gunderson	P	TOR	Free agency	2000	1	+0.1	+0.1	–	0.2%	0.01%
César Izturis	SS	TOR	Intl FA	1996	1	+0.1	+0.1	–	–	–
Graeme Lloyd	P	TOR	Trade	1999	1	+0.1	+0.1	+2.17	–	–
Chris Michalak	P	TOR	Free agency	2000	1	+0.1	+0.1	–	0.7%	0.08%
Davis Romero	P	TOR	Intl FA	1999	1	+0.1	+0.1	–	–	–
Danny Darwin	P	TOR	Trade	1995	1	+0.1	+0.1	–	0.0%	0.00%
Mark Guthrie	P	TOR	Trade	2000	1	+0.1	+0.1	-0.71	0.4%	0.03%
Lance Parrish	C	TOR	Trade	1995	1	+0.1	+0.1	–	0.0%	0.01%
Ben VanRyn	P	TOR	Trade	1998	1	+0.1	+0.1	–	0.4%	0.02%
Luis Andújar	P	TOR	Free agency	1997	1	-0.0	-0.0	–	0.2%	0.01%
Darwin Cubillán	P	TOR	Free agency	1999	–	-0.0	–	–	–	–
Leo Estrella	P	TOR	Trade	1998	1	+0.0	+0.0	+0.10	–	–
Ryan Freel	OF	TOR	Draft	1995	1	+0.0	+0.0	–	–	–
Félix Heredia	P	TOR	Trade	2001	–	-0.0	–	+0.49	–	–
Pat Kelly	2B	TOR	Free agency	1997	1	+0.0	+0.0	–	0.1%	0.01%
Randy Myers	P	TOR	Free agency	1997	1	-0.0	-0.0	–	1.3%	0.09%
Shannon Withem	P	TOR	Trade	1998	1	+0.0	+0.0	–	–	–
John Bale	P	TOR	Draft	1996	–	-0.1	–	–	–	–
Casey Blake	3B	TOR	Draft	1996	–	-0.1	–	–	–	–
Miguel Cairo	2B	TOR	Trade	1995	–	-0.1	–	+0.07	–	–
Charlie Greene	C	TOR	Free agency	1999	–	-0.1	–	–	–	–
Francisco Rosario	P	TOR	Intl FA	1999	–	-0.1	–	–	–	–
Mike Smith	P	TOR	Draft	2000	–	-0.1	–	–	–	–
Gerónimo Berroa	DH/OF	TOR	Free agency	1998	–	-0.2	–	–	–	–
Alberto Castillo	C	TOR	Trade	1999	–	-0.2	–	+2.65	–	–
Mark Dalesandro	C	TOR	Free agency	1997	1	-0.2	-0.2	–	0.7%	0.04%
Todd Greene	C	TOR	Free agency	2000	–	-0.2	–	–	–	–
Gabe Gross	OF	TOR	Draft	2001	–	-0.2	–	–	–	–
Pat Lennon	DH/OF	TOR	Free agency	1998	1	-0.2	-0.2	–	0.5%	0.03%
Brian Lesher	OF	TOR	Free agency	2001	–	-0.2	–	–	–	–
Mike Matheny	C	TOR	Free agency	1998	–	-0.2	–	–	–	–
Justin Miller	P	TOR	Trade	2001	1	-0.2	-0.2	+0.46	–	–
Frank Viola	P	TOR	Free agency	1995	–	-0.2	–	–	–	–
Dewayne Wise	OF	TOR	Rule 5	1999	1	-0.2	-0.2	–	–	–
Pedro Borbón	P	TOR	Trade	1999	1	-0.3	-0.3	+0.00	0.4%	0.05%
Jacob Brumfield	OF	TOR	Trade	1996	2	-0.3	-0.1	-0.01	0.1%	0.02%
Jeff Frye	2B	TOR	Free agency	2000	–	-0.3	–	–	–	–
Luis Lopez	1B/3B	TOR	Draft	2001	–	-0.3	–	–	–	–
Nerio Rodríguez	P	TOR	Trade	1998	–	-0.3	–	+0.15	–	–
Robert Person	P	TOR	Trade	1997	1	-0.3	-0.3	+0.01	0.4%	0.07%
Clayton Andrews	P	TOR	Draft	1996	–	-0.4	–	–	–	–
Brian Bohanon	P	TOR	Free agency	1996	–	-0.4	–	–	–	–
Matt DeWitt	P	TOR	Trade	1999	–	-0.4	–	+2.65	–	–
Marty Janzen	P	TOR	Trade	1995	–	-0.4	–	+0.07	–	–
Chad Mottola	OF	TOR	Free agency	1999	–	-0.4	–	–	–	–
Guillermo Quiroz	C	TOR	Intl FA	1998	–	-0.5	–	–	–	–
Dave Hollins	3B	TOR	Trade	1999	–	-0.6	–	-0.13	–	–
Luke Prokopec	P	TOR	Trade	2001	–	-0.6	–	+0.47	–	–
Corey Thurman	P	TOR	Rule 5	2001	–	-0.6	–	–	–	–
Scott Cassidy	P	TOR	Intl FA	1998	–	-0.7	–	–	–	–
Willie Greene	3B	TOR	Free agency	1999	–	-0.9	–	–	–	–
Joe Lawrence	2B	TOR	Draft	1996	–	-0.9	–	–	–	–
John Frascatore	P	TOR	Trade	1999	1	-1.2	-1.2	+9.10	0.7%	0.05%
Kevin Cash	C	TOR	Intl FA	1999	–	-1.4	–	–	–	–
Marty Cordova	OF	TOR	Free agency	2000	–	-1.5	–	–	–	–
Carlos García	2B	TOR	Trade	1996	–	-2.2	–	-0.05	–	–

Trade-side columns: RFA is playoff-readiness percentage points added to the future roster foundation. It grades the franchise's entire side of a trade, so the same score repeats for every player acquired in that package. PPA/CPA remain player-level arrival-year probability points.

WAB = wins above what the team's payroll predicted (resource-controlled). WAR surplus = era-neutral value (WAR minus payroll in win-equivalents). Roster surplus $M = dollar value of WAR over cost. Build channels (realized fWAR): HG = home-grown via amateur draft / international signing; Trade = acquired minus surrendered (incl. purchases/waivers); FA = signed minus walked; R5 = Rule-5 / minor-league-draft pickups. Credit follows the acquisition year — home-grown to the regime at the player's draft/signing (not whoever was in the chair when he peaked), trade/FA/R5 to the GM who made the move. Players acquired as prospects before debuting (e.g. Smoltz, Bagwell; Rule-5 picks like Uggla) are counted as trade/R5, not home-grown. All are franchise-level outcomes during the stint, not solely attributable to one executive.

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