Apr 10, 1946 (Los Angeles, CA) – May 14, 2020 (Houston, TX) · died at 74
Became the first Black general manager to win a World Series, building the 1996 champion New York Yankees after running the Houston Astros.
Across the full 5-season sample, the measured profile stands out most for avoidance of dead payroll (95th percentile), championship leverage per acquired WAR (95th percentile), and payroll-adjusted winning (92nd percentile). The clearest contrast is net WAR per trade (11th percentile): the realized net WAR return per trade has ranked below most peers.
5 seasons with salary-era data across 2 stints. All figures are franchise-level outcomes during the tenure, not solely attributable to one executive.
★ 2 titles · 2 pennants · 3 playoff appearances · 444–301 (0.596)
| Team | Role | Year | Pay $M |
Rel Pay |
Surp $M |
Surp WAR |
Dead % |
Cheap $M |
Draft $M |
Trd $M |
Int'l $M |
$ / WAR |
WAR | Depth | Dead WAR |
HG | Trade | Net/ Trd |
FA | R5 | RFA | PPA | CPA | WAB | TAB | W-L% | PO | Pen | WS |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GM | 1994 66–49 | $33 | 103 | +8 | +7.1 | 27% | +14 | +5 | +7 | +1 | $0.9M | 35.5 | 6.0 | -2.4 | +8.9 | -10.9 | -2.72 | -2.1 | +0.0 | 2.90 | 1.15 | +7.6 | +15.4 | 0.574 | |||||
| GM | 1995 76–68 | $33 | 98 | +3 | +3.6 | 22% | +8 | +6 | +0 | +2 | $0.8M | 37.1 | 6.0 | -4.2 | +0.5 | +3.7 | +0.61 | -0.2 | +0.0 | +0.32 | 4.46 | 0.32 | +3.4 | +7.7 | 0.528 | ||||
| GM | 1996 92–70 | $50 | 151 | -15 | -17.8 | 23% | +5 | +1 | -1 | +5 | $1.1M | 41.6 | 11.0 | -5.3 | +3.3 | -3.4 | -0.67 | +8.0 | +0.0 | -0.79 | 4.52 | 0.33 | +4.8 | +2.4 | 0.568 | ✓ | ✓ | ★ | |
| GM | 1997 96–66 | $63 | 160 | -15 | -15.1 | 16% | +11 | +11 | -0 | +3 | $1.3M | 46.3 | 7.0 | -2.9 | +3.4 | -7.0 | -1.17 | -10.5 | +0.8 | -0.95 | 6.60 | 0.57 | +8.0 | +6.4 | 0.593 | ✓ | |||
| GM | 1998 114–48 | $66 | 159 | -4 | -4.0 | 18% | +13 | +10 | -0 | +5 | $1.1M | 57.2 | 12.0 | -1.7 | +13.4 | -18.3 | -6.10 | +10.7 | +0.0 | +0.24 | 2.00 | 1.44 | +26.2 | +17.4 | 0.704 | ✓ | ✓ | ★ | |
| Career total (1985+ data) | $244 | 134 | -23 | -26.3 | 21% | +10 | +6 | +1 | +3 | $1.0M | 217.7 | 8.4 | -3.3 | +29.4 | -35.9 | -1.49 | +5.8 | +0.8 | +0.06 | 4.25 | 0.63 | +50.0 | +49.3 | 0.596 | 3 | 2 | 2 | ||
Acquired minus surrendered / signed minus walked.
| Player | Pos | Team | How | Year | Szns | fWAR | WAR/yr | RFA | PPA | CPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mike Hampton | P | Trade | 1995 | 6 | +19.2 | +3.2 | – | 11.9% | 0.85% | |
| David Wells | P | Free agency | 1996 | 4 | +17.0 | +4.2 | – | 29.1% | 2.43% | |
| Tino Martinez | 1B | Trade | 1996 | 7 | +16.0 | +2.3 | -2.51 | 10.9% | 0.78% | |
| Orlando Hernández | P | Intl FA | 1998 | 6 | +13.9 | +2.3 | – | – | – | |
| Derek Bell | OF | Trade | 1994 | 4 | +12.2 | +3.0 | – | 8.9% | 0.64% | |
| Scott Brosius | 3B | Free agency | 1998 | 4 | +8.7 | +2.2 | – | 9.7% | 7.15% | |
| Mike Stanton | P | Free agency | 1996 | 7 | +7.5 | +1.1 | – | 8.9% | 0.81% | |
| Chuck Knoblauch | 2B | Trade | 1998 | 4 | +7.0 | +1.8 | -7.66 | 5.5% | 3.94% | |
| Scott Elarton | P | Draft | 1994 | 3 | +5.2 | +1.7 | – | – | – | |
| Jeff Nelson | P | Trade | 1996 | 6 | +4.6 | +0.8 | -2.51 | 5.8% | 0.43% | |
| Chad Curtis | OF | Trade | 1997 | 3 | +3.7 | +1.2 | +0.00 | 6.2% | 0.57% | |
| John Cangelosi | OF | Free agency | 1995 | 2 | +3.5 | +1.8 | – | 9.8% | 0.70% | |
| Hideki Irabu | P | Trade | 1997 | 2 | +3.2 | +1.6 | -6.84 | – | – | |
| Nick Johnson | 1B | Draft | 1996 | 3 | +2.9 | +1.0 | – | – | – | |
| Kenny Rogers | P | Trade | 1996 | 2 | +2.8 | +1.4 | – | 10.1% | 0.73% | |
| Dwight Gooden | P | Free agency | 1996 | 3 | +2.4 | +0.8 | – | 9.4% | 0.69% | |
| Dave Veres | P | Trade | 1994 | 2 | +2.2 | +1.1 | – | – | – | |
| Mitch Meluskey | C | Trade | 1995 | 2 | +2.1 | +1.1 | -0.11 | – | – | |
| Dave Magadan | 1B/3B | Free agency | 1995 | 1 | +1.9 | +1.9 | – | 9.6% | 0.69% | |
| Joe Girardi | C | Free agency | 1996 | 3 | +1.9 | +0.6 | – | 4.4% | 0.33% | |
| Julio Lugo | SS | Draft | 1994 | 3 | +1.7 | +0.6 | – | – | – | |
| Russ Johnson | 2B/3B | Draft | 1994 | 3 | +1.3 | +0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Chili Davis | DH/OF | Free agency | 1997 | 2 | +1.3 | +0.7 | – | 0.5% | 0.34% | |
| Cecil Fielder | 1B/DH | Trade | 1996 | 2 | +1.3 | +0.6 | -6.49 | 2.0% | 0.15% | |
| Sean Berry | 3B | Trade | 1995 | 3 | +1.1 | +0.4 | -0.93 | 2.7% | 0.22% | |
| Mariano Duncan | 2B/SS | Trade | 1996 | 1 | +0.9 | +0.9 | – | 9.0% | 0.64% | |
| John Halama | P | Draft | 1994 | 1 | +0.7 | +0.7 | – | – | – | |
| Derrick May | OF | Trade | 1995 | 2 | +0.7 | +0.3 | +0.68 | 9.7% | 0.68% | |
| Marcus Thames | DH/OF | Draft | 1996 | 1 | +0.7 | +0.7 | – | – | – | |
| Rick Wilkins | C | Trade | 1995 | 2 | +0.7 | +0.4 | -0.30 | 1.9% | 0.14% | |
| Jeriome Robertson | P | Draft | 1995 | 1 | +0.6 | +0.6 | – | – | – | |
| Tim Raines | OF | Free agency | 1998 | 3 | +0.6 | +0.2 | – | 5.1% | 0.38% | |
| Mike Henneman | P | Trade | 1995 | 1 | +0.5 | +0.5 | -7.73 | 2.4% | 0.17% | |
| Sid Bream | 1B | Free agency | 1994 | 1 | +0.4 | +0.4 | – | 1.5% | 0.58% | |
| Tony McKnight | P | Draft | 1995 | 1 | +0.4 | +0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Darren Holmes | P | Free agency | 1997 | 1 | +0.4 | +0.4 | – | 1.0% | 0.65% | |
| Willie Banks | P | Free agency | 1997 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | – | 1.7% | 0.16% | |
| Homer Bush | 2B | Trade | 1997 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | -6.84 | – | – | |
| Randy Choate | P | Draft | 1997 | 3 | +0.3 | +0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Graeme Lloyd | P | Trade | 1996 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | -3.73 | 0.9% | 0.61% | |
| Tom Edens | P | Trade | 1994 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | – | 1.8% | 0.70% | |
| Andy Stankiewicz | 2B/SS | Trade | 1994 | 1 | +0.3 | +0.3 | – | 1.8% | 0.73% | |
| Brandon Claussen | P | Draft | 1998 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Juan Rivera | OF | Intl FA | 1996 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | – | – | |
| Todd Erdos | P | Trade | 1998 | 2 | +0.1 | +0.0 | +1.13 | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Jim Mecir | P | Trade | 1996 | 2 | +0.1 | +0.0 | -2.51 | 0.2% | 0.01% | |
| Wally Whitehurst | P | Trade | 1996 | 1 | +0.1 | +0.1 | – | 0.3% | 0.02% | |
| Ross Powell | P | Trade | 1994 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.0% | 0.01% | |
| Mike Aldrete | 1B/OF | Trade | 1996 | – | +0.0 | – | +0.00 | – | – | |
| Ryan Bradley | P | Draft | 1997 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Billy Brewer | P | Trade | 1996 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.1% | 0.01% | |
| Michel Hernández | C | Intl FA | 1998 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | – | – | |
| Scott Seabol | 3B | Draft | 1996 | – | -0.0 | – | – | – | – | |
| Mark Whiten | OF | Free agency | 1997 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Joe Borowski | P | Trade | 1998 | 1 | +0.0 | +0.0 | – | 0.3% | 0.19% | |
| Rey Sánchez | 2B/SS | Trade | 1997 | 1 | -0.0 | -0.0 | -1.10 | 1.3% | 0.12% | |
| David Weathers | P | Trade | 1996 | 1 | -0.0 | -0.0 | -0.77 | 0.5% | 0.03% | |
| Jerry Goff | C | Free agency | 1995 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| John Johnstone | P | Free agency | 1995 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Craig McMurtry | P | Free agency | 1994 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Wilfredo Rodríguez | P | Intl FA | 1995 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Iván Cruz | 1B | Trade | 1997 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Drew Henson | 3B | Draft | 1998 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Tim McIntosh | C/OF | Free agency | 1996 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Mike Vento | OF | Draft | 1997 | – | -0.1 | – | – | – | – | |
| Ken Ramos | OF | Trade | 1994 | – | -0.2 | – | – | – | – | |
| Milt Thompson | OF | Trade | 1994 | 1 | -0.2 | -0.2 | – | 0.8% | 0.31% | |
| Luis Sojo | 2B | Free agency | 1997 | 3 | -0.2 | -0.1 | – | 1.0% | 0.07% | |
| Doug Brocail | P | Trade | 1994 | 2 | -0.3 | -0.2 | – | 0.0% | 0.00% | |
| Scott Pose | OF | Free agency | 1996 | – | -0.3 | – | – | – | – | |
| Craig Shipley | 3B/SS | Trade | 1994 | – | -0.4 | – | – | – | – | |
| Barry Wesson | OF | Draft | 1995 | – | -0.4 | – | – | – | – | |
| Erick Almonte | SS | Intl FA | 1996 | 1 | -0.4 | -0.4 | – | – | – | |
| Dale Polley | P | Trade | 1996 | – | -0.4 | – | – | – | – | |
| Randy Keisler | P | Draft | 1998 | 1 | -0.5 | -0.5 | – | – | – | |
| Jeff Tabaka | P | Trade | 1995 | 1 | -0.5 | -0.5 | +0.38 | 0.9% | 0.06% | |
| Matt Howard | 2B | Trade | 1996 | – | -0.6 | – | – | – | – | |
| Dale Sveum | 3B/SS | Free agency | 1997 | – | -0.7 | – | – | – | – | |
| Ricky Gutiérrez | SS | Trade | 1994 | – | -2.0 | – | – | – | – |
Trade-side columns: RFA is playoff-readiness percentage points added to the future roster foundation. It grades the franchise's entire side of a trade, so the same score repeats for every player acquired in that package. PPA/CPA remain player-level arrival-year probability points.
WAB = wins above what the team's payroll predicted (resource-controlled). WAR surplus = era-neutral value (WAR minus payroll in win-equivalents). Roster surplus $M = dollar value of WAR over cost. Build channels (realized fWAR): HG = home-grown via amateur draft / international signing; Trade = acquired minus surrendered (incl. purchases/waivers); FA = signed minus walked; R5 = Rule-5 / minor-league-draft pickups. Credit follows the acquisition year — home-grown to the regime at the player's draft/signing (not whoever was in the chair when he peaked), trade/FA/R5 to the GM who made the move. Players acquired as prospects before debuting (e.g. Smoltz, Bagwell; Rule-5 picks like Uggla) are counted as trade/R5, not home-grown. All are franchise-level outcomes during the stint, not solely attributable to one executive.